Table 1 |
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|
Collective Trauma-Theoretical model |
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|
Disasters |
Causal Conditions |
X |
Ecological context |
→ |
Intervening Conditions |
→ |
Coping strategies |
→ |
Consequences |
|
|
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|
Man Made- War |
Displacements |
Social chaos, uprooting |
Insecurity |
Silence, Withdrawal, isolation, Benumbing |
Dependency, learned helplessness, passivity |
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|
|
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|
Natural- Tsunami |
Separations |
Breakdown of social structures and institutions |
Terror |
Suspicion |
Distrust, mistrust, paranoia |
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|
|
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|
Massive destruction |
Unemployment, poverty |
Impunity, social injustice |
'Fight, flight or freeze', Survival, escape, Suicide |
Despair, disbelief, amotivation, hopelessness |
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|
|
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|
Multiple deaths |
Starvation, hunger, malnutrition |
Breakdown of law and order |
Loss of communality, decrease in social cohesion, tearing of social fabric, Loss of social capital |
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|
|
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|
Injuries |
Lack of medical care, diseases, epidemics |
Inequity, discrimination |
Cultural practices, rituals |
Adaptive changes in memory, reframing, meaning, realism |
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|
|
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|
Cultural & social bereavements |
'Repressive ecology', violence, torture, abductions, detentions, disappearances, extrajudicial killings, |
Helplessness, hopelessness |
Adaptation, facing the challenge, problem solving |
Resilience, forbearance, new networks, friendship, relationships, hope |
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|
|
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|
Losses |
Rumours, disinformation |
Regeneration, development, progress |
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|
|
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|
Somasundaram International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2010 4:22 doi:10.1186/1752-4458-4-22 |
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